Friday, 27 November 2015
Thursday, 26 November 2015
Wednesday, 25 November 2015
Friday, 20 November 2015
Thursday, 19 November 2015
रानी लक्ष्मीबाई (Rani Lakshmi Bai)
भारत में जब भी महिलाओं के सशक्तिकरण की बात होती है तो महान वीरांगना रानी लक्ष्मीबाई की चर्चा जरूर होती है. रानी लक्ष्मीबाई (Rani Lakshmi Bai) ना सिर्फ एक महान नाम है बल्कि वह एक आदर्श हैं उन सभी महिलाओं के लिए जो खुद को बहादुर मानती हैं और उनके लिए भी एक आदर्श हैं जो महिलाएं सोचती है कि वह महिलाएं हैं तो कुछ नहीं कर सकती.
देश के पहले स्वतंत्रता संग्राम में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाने वाली रानी लक्ष्मीबाई के अप्रतिम शौर्य से चकित अंग्रेजों ने भी उनकी प्रशंसा की थी और वह अपनी वीरता के किस्सों को लेकर किंवदंती बन चुकी हैं.
रानी लक्ष्मीबाई का जीवन
रानी लक्ष्मीबाई (Rani Lakshmi Bai) का जन्म 19 नवंबर, 1828 को काशी के असीघाट, वाराणसी में हुआ था. इनके पिता का नाम मोरोपंत तांबे और माता का नाम ‘भागीरथी बाई’ था. इनका बचपन का नाम ‘मणिकर्णिका’ रखा गया परन्तु प्यार से मणिकर्णिका को ‘मनु’ पुकारा जाता था.
मनु जब मात्र चार साल की थीं, तब उनकी मां का निधन हो गया. पत्नी के निधन के बाद मोरोपंत मनु को लेकर झांसी चले गए. रानी लक्ष्मी बाई का बचपन उनके नाना के घर में बीता, जहां वह “छबीली” कहकर पुकारी जाती थी. जब उनकी उम्र 12 साल की थी, तभी उनकी शादी झांसी के राजा गंगाधर राव के साथ कर दी गई.
रानी लक्ष्मीबाई की शादी
उनकी शादी के बाद झांसी की आर्थिक स्थिति में अप्रत्याशित सुधार हुआ. इसके बाद मनु का नाम लक्ष्मीबाई रखा गया.
अश्वारोहण और शस्त्र-संधान में निपुण महारानी लक्ष्मीबाई ने झांसी किले के अंदर ही महिला-सेना खड़ी कर ली थी, जिसका संचालन वह स्वयं मर्दानी पोशाक पहनकर करती थीं. उनके पति राजा गंगाधर राव यह सब देखकर प्रसन्न रहते. कुछ समय बादरानी लक्ष्मीबाई (Rani Lakshmi Bai)ने एक पुत्र को जन्म दिया, पर कुछ ही महीने बाद बालक की मृत्यु हो गई.
मुसीबतों का पहाड़
पुत्र वियोग के आघात से दु:खी राजा ने 21 नवंबर, 1853 को प्राण त्याग दिए. झांसी शोक में डूब गई. अंग्रेजों ने अपनी कुटिल नीति के चलते झांसी पर चढ़ाई कर दी. रानी ने तोपों से युद्ध करने की रणनीति बनाते हुए कड़कबिजली, घनगर्जन, भवानीशंकर आदि तोपों को किले पर अपने विश्वासपात्र तोपची के नेतृत्व में लगा दिया.
रानी लक्ष्मीबाई का चण्डी स्वरूप
14 मार्च, 1857 से आठ दिन तक तोपें किले से आग उगलती रहीं. अंग्रेज सेनापति ह्यूरोज लक्ष्मीबाई की किलेबंदी देखकर दंग रह गया. रानी रणचंडी का साक्षात रूप रखे पीठ पर दत्तक पुत्र दामोदर राव को बांधे भयंकर युद्ध करती रहीं. झांसी की मुट्ठी भर सेना ने रानी को सलाह दी कि वह कालपी की ओर चली जाएं. झलकारी बाई और मुंदर सखियों ने भी रणभूमि में अपना खूब कौशल दिखाया. अपने विश्वसनीय चार-पांच घुड़सवारों को लेकर रानी कालपी की ओर बढ़ीं. अंग्रेज सैनिक रानी का पीछा करते रहे. कैप्टन वाकर ने उनका पीछा किया और उन्हें घायल कर दिया.
अंतिम जंग का दृश्य
22 मई, 1857 को क्रांतिकारियों को कालपी छोड़कर ग्वालियर जाना पड़ा. 17 जून को फिर युद्ध हुआ. रानी के भयंकर प्रहारों से अंग्रेजों को पीछे हटना पड़ा. महारानी की विजय हुई, लेकिन 18 जून को ह्यूरोज स्वयं युद्धभूमि में आ डटा. रानी लक्ष्मीबाई (Rani Lakshmi Bai) ने दामोदर राव को रामचंद्र देशमुख को सौंप दिया. सोनरेखा नाले को रानी का घोड़ा पार नहीं कर सका. वहीं एक सैनिक ने पीछे से रानी पर तलवार से ऐसा जोरदार प्रहार किया कि उनके सिर का दाहिना भाग कट गया और आंख बाहर निकल आई. घायल होते हुए भी उन्होंने उस अंग्रेज सैनिक का काम तमाम कर दिया और फिर अपने प्राण त्याग दिए. 18 जून, 1857 को बाबा गंगादास की कुटिया में जहां इस वीर महारानी ने प्राणांत किया वहीं चिता बनाकर उनका अंतिम संस्कार किया गया.
रानी लक्ष्मीबाई (Rani Lakshmi Bai) ने कम उम्र में ही साबित कर दिया कि वह न सिर्फ बेहतरीन सेनापति हैं बल्कि कुशल प्रशासक भी हैं. वह महिलाओं को अधिकार संपन्न बनाने की भी पक्षधर थीं. उन्होंने अपनी सेना में महिलाओं की भर्ती की थी.
आज कुछ लोग जो खुद को महिला सशक्तिकरण का अगुआ बताते हैं वह भी स्त्रियों को सेना आदि में भेजने के खिलाफ हैं पर इन सब के लिए रानी लक्ष्मीबाई (Rani Lakshmi Bai) एक उदाहरण हैं कि अगर महिलाएं चाहें तो कोई भी मुकाम हासिल कर सकती हैं.
THE HUMAN TOUCH
Wednesday, 18 November 2015
Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi
| Indira Gandhi | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Prime Minister of India | |
| In office 14 January 1980 – 31 October 1984 | |
| President | Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Zail Singh |
| Preceded by | Charan Singh |
| Succeeded by | Rajiv Gandhi |
| In office 24 January 1966 – 24 March 1977 | |
| President | Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Zakir Husain V. V. Giri Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed |
| Deputy | Morarji Desai |
| Preceded by | Gulzarilal Nanda (Acting) |
| Succeeded by | Morarji Desai |
| Minister of External Affairs | |
| In office 9 March 1984 – 31 October 1984 | |
| Preceded by | P. V. Narasimha Rao |
| Succeeded by | Rajiv Gandhi |
| In office 22 August 1967 – 14 March 1969 | |
| Preceded by | M. C. Chagla |
| Succeeded by | Dinesh Singh |
| Minister of Defence | |
| In office 14 January 1980 – 15 January 1982 | |
| Preceded by | Chidambaram Subramaniam |
| Succeeded by | R. Venkataraman |
| In office 30 November 1975 – 20 December 1975 | |
| Preceded by | Swaran Singh |
| Succeeded by | Bansi Lal |
| Minister of Home Affairs | |
| In office 27 June 1970 – 4 February 1973 | |
| Preceded by | Yashwantrao Chavan |
| Succeeded by | Uma Shankar Dikshit |
| Minister of Finance | |
| In office 16 July 1969 – 27 June 1970 | |
| Preceded by | Morarji Desai |
| Succeeded by | Yashwantrao Chavan |
| Minister of Information and Broadcasting | |
| In office 9 June 1964 – 24 January 1966 | |
| Prime Minister | Lal Bahadur Shastri |
| Preceded by | Satya Narayan Sinha |
| Succeeded by | Kodardas Kalidas Shah |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Indira Priyadarshini Nehru 19 November 1917 Allahabad, United Provinces,British India |
| Died | 31 October 1984 (aged 66) New Delhi, India |
| Political party | Indian National Congress |
| Spouse(s) | Feroze Gandhi |
| Children | Rajiv Sanjay |
| Parents | Jawaharlal Nehru Kamala Nehru |
| Alma mater | Visva-Bharati University Somerville College, Oxford |
| Religion | Hinduism |
| Signature |  THE HUMAN TOUCH |
Tuesday, 17 November 2015
Monday, 16 November 2015
Sunday, 15 November 2015
Applied Strength of Materials for Engineering Technology
Applied Strength of Materials for
Engineering Technology
Defnitions -
- Allowable (stress, load, etc.)..............Permitted for safe design.
- Bending moment, M ........................Moment in a beam that is loaded in bending with transverse loads.
- Bending stress, σ ..............................A normal stress along the length of a beam that develops due to transverse loading.
- Buckling.............................................Collapse of a long, thin member under longitudinal compressive loading, at a load much lower than the load that causes yielding in tension.
- Density, ρ .........................................Mass density is the mass of an object or fluid divided by its volume. See specific weight entry for weight density.
- Distributed load, w ...........................Force acting over a length (such as the weight of a beam) or area (such as a snow load on a roof). Compare point load.
- Eccentricity, e ...................................Distance between the neutral axis of a part and the location of an applied point load.
- Effective length of a column..............Portion of the length of a column that bows like a fully pinned column.
- Elastic deformation.............................Temporary deformation; release the load and the part returns to its original shape. Compare plastic deformation.
- Elastic modulus, E ...........................A measure of the stiffness of a material (the resistance to elastically deforming under a given load.) The slope of the linear elastic portion of the stress-strain curve. Also called Young's modulus or modulus of elasticity.
- Euler critical buckling load, Pcr .......The load at which an ideal Euler column will fail, assuming perfect material and perfectly aligned loading.
- Factor of Safety, F.S...........................The material's strength (typically yield strength) divided by the actual stress in the part. Also called “factor of ignorance” because it includes unknowns such as materials defects, improper installation, abuse by the operator, lack of maintenance, corrosion or rot, temperature variations, etc.
- Fillet weld...........................................A weld with a triangular cross section used for joining lapped plates. Unlike soldering or brazing, welding involves melting the base metal as well as the joining material.
- General shear formula........................Equation for finding the shear stress within a beam of any shape.
- Joint efficiency...................................The efficiency of a bolted or welded joint is the lowest allowable load divided by the allowable load of the weaker of the two plates some distance from the joint.
- Longitudinal direction........................Along the length of a part, such as a beam or shaft. Compare transverse direction.
- Longitudinal stress, σ .......................A normal stress that develops in a tensile or compressive member due to longitudinal loading. Modulus of elasticity, E ...................See elastic modulus.
- Moment, M .......................................More accurately called a force moment, the product of a length and a transversely applied force. Used in beam problems. There are other types of moment (such as area moment: the product of a length and an area).
- Moment of inertia, I .........................More accurately called “second moment of area”. Divide a shape into n tiny areas a, each at a distance y from the x-x centroidal axis, and sum the areas and distances as I x=∑1 n ai yi 2 . The larger the moment of inertia, the greater the bending load a beam can support, and the less bending deflection will occur.
- Normal................................................Perpendicular, in the mathematical sense.
- Normal stress, σ ...............................Force divided by area, when the force acts perpendicular to the area. Tensile and compressive stresses are normal stresses.
- Plastic deformation.............................Permanent deformation; release the load and the part remains distorted. Compare elastic deformation.
- Plastic section modulus, Z ................Sum of the first moments of areas above and below the neutral axis of a steel beam. Used for calculating bending stresses in structural steel beams.
- Point load, P .....................................Force acting at a single point. Compare distributed load.
- Poisson's ratio, ν ..............................A mechanical property of engineering materials equal to the negative of the transverse strain divided by longitudinal strain. A measure of how much a tensile member will thin during elastic deformation.
- Polar moment of inertia, J ................More accurately called “polar second moment of area”. Divide a shape into n tiny areas a, each at a distance r from the centroid, and sum the areas and distances as J =∑1 n ai ri 2 . The larger the polar moment of inertia, the greater the torque a shaft can support, and the less angular twist will be produced.
- Pressure (of a fluid), p .....................Fluid equivalent of normal stress. A pressurized gas produces a uniform pressure perpendicular to the walls of the pressure vessel. A pressurized liquid produces a uniform pressure in a small pressure vessel; the pressure is nonuniform in a tall vessel due to gravity (lower pressure at the top, higher at the bottom).
- Radius of curvature, R .....................If a beam segment is bent with a constant bending moment, the segment becomes a circular arc with a radius of curvature, R.
- Radius of gyration, rG ......................Concentrate an area at a distance r from the x-x neutral axis. If the moment of inertia of the original area is the same as for the concentrated area, then rGx is the radius of gyration about the x-x axis. The larger the radius of gyration, the more resistant a column is to buckling. Calculate rG=√I / A .
- Reaction moment, M A or M B ........Moment at reaction point A or B which supports a transversely loaded cantilever beam.
- Reaction force, RA or RB ................Forces at reaction points A or B which support a transversely loaded beam.
- Section modulus, S ...........................Moment of inertia divided by the distance from the neutral axis to the surface. The larger the section modulus, the more resistant a beam is to bending.
- Shear modulus, G .............................The shear analog to Young's modulus: shear stress divided by shear strain in an elastic material.
- Shear load, V ....................................Transverse load on a beam.
- Shear plane.........................................In a bolted joint with two plates pulling in opposite directions, the shear plane is the transverse plane within a bolt that lies at the interface of the two plates.
- Shear strain, γ ..................................Shear deflection divided by original unit length
- Shear stress, τ ...................................Force divided area, when the force acts parallel to the area.
- Specific weight, γ ............................Specific weight, a.k.a. weight density, is the weight of an object or fluid divided by its volume. The symbol, lower case gamma, is also used for shear strain. In this text, plain gamma means shear strain, while bold gamma means specific weight. See density entry for mass density.
- Strain (normal), ε .............................Change in length of a material under normal load divided by initial length.
- Stress..................................................See normal stress, shear stress, bending stress, torsional stress, longitudinal stress.
- Stress concentration............................A locally high stress due to a sharp discontinuity in shape, such as a hole or notch with a small radius. While the overall stress in the part may be at a safe level, the stress at the discontinuity can exceed yield or ultimate strength, causing failure.
- Tensile strength, σUTS .......................Maximum stress on the stress-strain diagram. Beyond this point, the material necks and soon breaks.
- Thermal expansion coefficient, α ....Materials property that determines how much a material expands or contracts with changing temperature.
- Torque, T ..........................................Rotational moment applied to a shaft. Units of moment and torque are the same (force × distance).
- Torsion................................................Twisting of a shaft due to an applied torque.
- Torsional stress, τ ............................A shear stress that develops in a shaft due to torsional loading.
- Transfer distance, d ..........................Term used in calculating moment of inertia of a compound shape.
- Transverse direction...........................Perpendicular (crosswise) to the length of a long part, such as a beam or shaft. Compare longitudinal direction.
- Ultimate tensile strength, σUTS .........See tensile strength.
- Yield strength, σYS ............................Below the yield strength, a material is elastic; above it, the material is plastic.
- Young's modulus, E .........................See elastic modulus.
HISTORY OF DIESEL ENGINE
DIESEL ENGINE
The diesel engine (also known as a compression-ignition or 'CI' engine) is aninternal combustion engine in which ignition of the fuel that has been injected into the combustion chamber is initiated by the high temperature which a gas achieves when greatly compressed (adiabatic compression). This contrasts with spark-ignition engines such as a petrol engine (gasoline engine) or gas engine (using a gaseous fuel as opposed to petrol), which use a spark plug to ignite an air-fuel mixture.
The diesel engine has the highest thermal efficiency (engine efficiency) of any practical internal or external combustion engine due to its very high compression ratio and inherent lean burn which enables heat dissipation by the excess air. A small efficiency loss is also avoided compared to two-stroke non-direct-injection gasoline engines since unburnt fuel is not present at valve overlap and therefore no fuel goes directly from the intake/injection to the exhaust. Low-speed diesel engines (as used in ships and other applications where overall engine weight is relatively unimportant) can have a thermal efficiency that exceeds 50%.[1][2]
Diesel engines are manufactured in two-stroke and four-stroke versions. They were originally used as a more efficient replacement for stationary steam engines. Since the 1910s they have been used in submarines and ships. Use in locomotives, trucks,heavy equipment and electricity generation plants followed later. In the 1930s, they slowly began to be used in a few automobiles. Since the 1970s, the use of diesel engines in larger on-road and off-road vehicles in the USA increased. According to the British Society of Motor Manufacturing and Traders, the EU average for diesel cars accounts for 50% of the total sold, including 70% in France and 38% in the UK.[3]
The world's largest diesel engine is currently a Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96-C Common Rail marine diesel, which produces a peak power output of 84.42 MW (113,210 hp) at 102 rpm.[4][5]
THE HUMAN TOUCH
Tuesday, 10 November 2015
How to Know What a Girl Wants in a Guy............
1 Be honest, but not brutally honest. Girls like guys who are honest with them about things going on in their lives, but you don’t need to tell her when she isn’t looking 100%. Many people have rough days.
-
2Ask her what makes her happy. Be direct to discover what specific things you should and should not do to ensure she stays happy. Having a relationship built on open communication and honesty is crucial to ensure that it's going to last.
-
3Be understanding. A girl wants you to get to know her on a deep level so they don’t have to always explain herself. Learn to be empathetic to her and be able to understand things she is going through.[2]
- Don’t dismiss her problems or concerns.
- Be aware of little things that upset her.
- Be willing to go out of your way to do the things she wants.
-
4Listen actively during conversations. Girls like to talk; they want guys who truly listen and are able to open up and talk back as well. Communication is a two way street that requires both parties to listen and speak.[3]
- Allow her to speak her mind without dominating the conversation.
- Listen without trying to solve all the problems.
- Rephrase what she says and repeat it back telling her you understand what she said.
-
5Pay attention to non-verbal cues. Girls communicate with more than just words. Be aware of the signals she's sending when she isn't talking.
- Watch her body language to see if she likes something or if it makes her uncomfortable.
- Listen to the tone of her voice, not just the words, to find hidden inflections.
- Look into her eyes when she smiles. A true smile can be seen in the eyes and you can learn what makes her truly happy.
-
6Compliment her to show her you care about her. A girl likes to be complimented not only on her looks, but also about her abilities like her intellect, sports skills, or sense of humor.[5].
-
7Don’t take her for granted. Girls like to be appreciated. Show gratitude when they do things for you, even the small things.[6]
- Recognize and thank her for the things she does.
- Let her know you’re grateful through your words and actions.
- THE HUMAN TOUCH
Saturday, 7 November 2015
Which of the 7 Types of Love Relationships Fits Yours?
Psychology continues to struggle with the question of how to define love, and after decades of research, is no closer to the ultimate answer. However, the triangular theory of love proposed by University of Wyoming Robert Sternberg provides a fascinating and useful framework. The triangle here is not a true "love triangle," but instead is the shape used to represent love's three main dimensions.
It’s easiest to understand the theory by looking at this figure. Each point of the triangle represents the extreme of one of the dimensions of love. At the top of the triangle is the extreme of intimacy, which is the extent to which your relationship is characterized by feelings of closeness, connectedness, and strong emotional bonds.
The commitment pole reflects your decision to stay in the relationship. People who arestrongly committed to their relationship make a vow to stay in that relationship through thick and thin, and therefore are willing to work hard to keep it going even if the thin outweighs the thick.
Finally, passion reflects the intensity of your sexual desire toward your partner. This desire may take the form of romantic attachment as well as strong sexual attraction and a desire to be with your partner.
Sternberg’s model predicts that as your relationship ripens, passionate love mellows into companionate love. If you're lucky, the flames of passion remain alive, though, and you experience consummate love.
Strong sexual attraction helps spice things up, but more important for relationships to last are commitment and intimacy. The feelings of sharing, having mutual goals, and enjoying your time together in a quieter and more reflective way are what build lasting emotional bonds.
Returning to the triangular model, Sternberg’s theory describes a total of 7 types of relationships:
Consummate (the highest form): High on all three dimensions (represented by a point in the middle of the triangle)
Infatuated High on passion only
Fatuous High on passion and commitment
Empty High on commitment only
Companionate High on intimacy and commitment
Romantic High on intimacy and passion
Liking/friendship High on intimacy only
Now that you have this framework in mind, you’re probably wondering how your closest relationship measures up along these dimensions. Read these brief descriptions, and for each one, see which comes closest to your closest relationship. Don’t peek at the ratings until you’re done:
1. You have been together for several years, still feel very close and connected emotionally, but do not always feel the same passion toward one another as you once did.
2. You have a strong sexual drive and a need for physical and romantic contact with each other, but do not feel very close to each other. You have not planned for your future together, and in fact have not even thought about any form of long-term commitment.
3. You have been married or cohabiting for a long time and still verbally proclaim your love for each other, but admit to having lost much of the emotional connectedness, as well as the sexual desire that you once had.
4. After more than 6 years together, you are as “in love” as ever. You remain close and connected, very sexually and romantically in sync, and are completely committed to each other and to your relationship.
5. You have been together for only a couple of months, and although you feel you have become close and are connected emotionally, you have yet to become passionately involved or think about your future commitment.
6. You are in love and have a strong sexual desire for one another, are very close and connected emotionally, but have yet to discuss any future plans that would include a decision to commit only to each other.
7. You have been together for a while and are planning on staying together. You continue to maintain a healthy and satisfying sex life, but say you do not feel very closely connected where emotion is concerned.
Interpretation
1. Companionate Love
2. Infatuation
3. Empty Love
4. Consummate Love
5. Liking
7. Fatuous Love
How did your relationship rate? It’s possible that you don’t fit completely into one category, as these are the extremes. You can use that triangle to plot your relationship’s exact point. Higher on intimacy and passion but not quite ready to make a commitment means that you’re starting to move from romantic love and into the consummate region.
This example shows that just as it can be useful to find out where your relationship fits in the triangle, it’s also helpful to remember that relationships are rarely static over time. You don’t have to give up on a relationship that’s fatuous or empty because the relationship lacks either intimacy, passion, or both. At least one study, though conducted on undergraduates (Madey & Rodgers, 2009), suggests that intimacy and commitment contribute to relationship satisfaction. Research on long-term relationships suggests, further, that passion in the form of wanting to be near your partner continues to predict a couple’s satisfaction. You can dial up or down the dimension that’s in need of adjustment by working on that function of your relationship.
If you want to take this even further, ask your relationship partner to take this quick quiz. Perhaps you’ll be surprised to find out that what you think is an empty love is one that your partner finds has more passion and intimacy than you realize. Or you may find out that the relationship you think is consummate is one that your partner finds lacking in one of the three crucial dimensions.
Your partner’s happiness, as well as your own, can benefit from a candid discussion of where you feel you need to make those adjustments. Relationship education, though intended for premarital counseling, can also help long-term couples gain skills and knowledge to prop up their ways of handling communication and conflict resolution.
Psychologists may still not have the ultimate definition of love, but the framework provided by triangle theory can give you a practical tool to maximize the fulfilling you receive out of your closest ties.
THE HUMAN TOUCH
Subscribe to:
Comments (Atom)